GROFF_CHAR

NAME
DESCRIPTION
REFERENCE
7-bit Character Codes 32–126
8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255
Named Glyphs
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

NAME

groff_char - groff glyph names

DESCRIPTION

This manual page lists the standard groff glyph names and the default input mapping, latin1. The glyphs in this document look different depending on which output device was chosen (with option -T for the man(1) program or the roff formatter). Glyphs not available for the device that is being used to print or view this manual page are marked with ‘(N/A)’; the device currently used is ‘html’.

In the actual version, groff provides only 8-bit characters for direct input and named entities for further glyphs. On ASCII platforms, input character codes in the range 0 to 127 (decimal) represent the usual 7-bit ASCII characters, while codes between 127 and 255 are interpreted as the corresponding characters in the latin1 (ISO-8859-1) code set by default. This mapping is contained in the file latin1.tmac and can be changed by loading a different input encoding. Note that some of the input characters are reserved by groff, either for internal use or for special input purposes. On EBCDIC platforms, only code page cp1047 is supported (which contains the same characters as latin1; the input encoding file is called cp1047.tmac). Again, some input characters are reserved for internal and special purposes.

All roff systems provide the concept of named glyphs. In traditional roff systems, only names of length 2 were used, while groff also provides support for longer names. It is strongly suggested that only named glyphs are used for all character representations outside of the printable 7-bit ASCII range.

Some of the predefined groff escape sequences (with names of length 1) also produce single glyphs; these exist for historical reasons or are printable versions of syntactical characters. They include ‘\\’, ‘\´’, ‘\‘’, ‘\-’, ‘\.’, and ‘\e’; see groff(7).

In groff, all of these different types of characters and glyphs can be tested positively with the ‘.if c’ conditional.

REFERENCE

In this section, the glyphs in groff are specified in tabular form. The meaning of the columns is as follows.
Output

shows how the glyph is printed for the current device; although this can have quite a different shape on other devices, it always represents the same glyph.

Input

specifies how the glyph is input either directly by a key on the keyboard, or by a groff escape sequence.

Code

applies to glyphs which can be input with a single character, and gives the ISO latin1 decimal code of that input character. Note that this code is equivalent to the lowest 256 Unicode characters, including 7-bit ASCII in the range 0 to 127.

PostScript

gives the usual PostScript name of the glyph.

Unicode

is the glyph name used in composite glyph names.

7-bit Character Codes 32–126

These are the basic glyphs having 7-bit ASCII code values assigned. They are identical to the printable characters of the character standards ISO-8859-1 (latin1) and Unicode (range Basic Latin). The glyph names used in composite glyph names are ‘u0020’ up to ‘u007E’.

Note that input characters in the range 0-31 and character 127 are not printable characters. Most of them are invalid input characters for groff anyway, and the valid ones have special meaning. For EBCDIC, the printable characters are in the range 66-255.

48-57

Decimal digits 0 to 9 (print as themselves).

65-90

Upper case letters A-Z (print as themselves).

97-122

Lower case letters a–z (print as themselves).

Most of the remaining characters not in the just described ranges print as themselves; the only exceptions are the following characters:

`

the ISO latin1 ‘Grave Accent’ (code 96) prints as ‘, a left single quotation mark; the original character can be obtained with ‘\‘’.

'

the ISO latin1 ‘Apostrophe’ (code 39) prints as ’, a right single quotation mark; the original character can be obtained with ‘\(aq’.

-

the ISO latin1 ‘Hyphen, Minus Sign’ (code 45) prints as a hyphen; a minus sign can be obtained with ‘\-’.

˜

the ISO latin1 ‘Tilde’ (code 126) is reduced in size to be usable as a diacritic; a larger glyph can be obtained with ‘\(ti’.

ˆ

the ISO latin1 ‘Circumflex Accent’ (code 94) is reduced in size to be usable as a diacritic; a larger glyph can be obtained with ‘\(ha’.

Output Input Code PostScriptUnicode Notes !!33 exclam u0021""34 quotedblu0022##35 numbersignu0023$$36 dollaru0024%%37 percentu0025&&38 ampersandu0026’’39 quoterightu0027((40 parenleftu0028))41 parenrightu0029**42 asterisku002A++43 plusu002B,,44 commau002C--45 hyphen u2010..46 periodu002E//47 slashu002F::58 colonu003A;;59 semicolonu003B<<60 lessu003C==61 equalu003D>>62 greateru003E??63 questionu003F@@64 atu0040[[91 bracketleft u005B\\92 backslashu005C]]93 bracketright u005Dˆˆ94 circumflexu005E circumflex accent__95 underscoreu005F‘‘96 quoteleftu0060{{123 braceleftu007B||124 baru007C}}125 bracerightu007D˜˜126 tildeu007E tilde accent

8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255

They are interpreted as printable characters according to the latin1 (ISO-8859-1) code set, being identical to the Unicode range Latin-1 Supplement.

Input characters in range 128-159 (on non-EBCDIC hosts) are not printable characters.

160

the ISO latin1 no-break space is mapped to ‘\˜’, the stretchable space character.

173

the soft hyphen control character. groff never uses this character for output (thus it is omitted in the table below); the input character 173 is mapped onto ‘\%’.

The remaining ranges (161-172, 174-255) are printable characters that print as themselves. Although they can be specified directly with the keyboard on systems with a latin1 code page, it is better to use their glyph names; see next section.

Output Input Code PostScriptUnicode Notes ¡¡161 exclamdown u00A1inverted exclamation mark¢¢162 centu00A2££163 sterlingu00A3¤¤164 currencyu00A4¥¥165 yenu00A5¦¦166 brokenbar u00A6§§167 sectionu00A7¨¨168 dieresisu00A8©©169 copyright u00A9ªª170 ordfeminineu00AA««171 guillemotleftu00AB¬¬172 logicalnotu00AC®®174 registered u00AE¯¯175 macronu00AF°°176 degree u00B0±±177 plusminusu00B1²²178 twosuperior u00B2³³179 threesuperioru00B3´´180 acuteu00B4 acute accentµµ181 muu00B5 micro sign182 paragraphu00B6··183 periodcenteredu00B7¸¸184 cedillau00B8¹¹185 onesuperioru00B9ºº186 ordmasculineu00BA»»187 guillemotrightu00BB¼¼188 onequarteru00BC½½189 onehalfu00BD¾¾190 threequartersu00BE¿¿191 questiondown u00BFÀÀ192 Agrave u0041_0300ÁÁ193 Aacuteu0041_0301ÂÂ194 Acircumflexu0041_0302ÃÃ195 Atildeu0041_0303ÄÄ196 Adieresisu0041_0308ÅÅ197 Aringu0041_030AÆÆ198 AEu00C6ÇÇ199 Ccedillau0043_0327ÈÈ200 Egrave u0045_0300ÉÉ201 Eacuteu0045_0301ÊÊ202 Ecircumflexu0045_0302ËË203 Edieresisu0045_0308ÌÌ204 Igrave u0049_0300ÍÍ205 Iacuteu0049_0301ÎÎ206 Icircumflexu0049_0302ÏÏ207 Idieresisu0049_0308ÐÐ208 Ethu00D0ÑÑ209 Ntildeu004E_0303ÒÒ210 Ograve u004F_0300ÓÓ211 Oacuteu004F_0301ÔÔ212 Ocircumflexu004F_0302ÕÕ213 Otildeu004F_0303ÖÖ214 Odieresisu004F_0308××215 multiplyu00D7ØØ216 Oslashu00D8ÙÙ217 Ugrave u0055_0300ÚÚ218 Uacuteu0055_0301ÛÛ219 Ucircumflexu0055_0302ÜÜ220 Udieresisu0055_0308ÝÝ221 Yacute u0059_0301ÞÞ222 Thornu00DEßß223 germandblsu00DFàà224 agrave u0061_0300áá225 aacuteu0061_0301ââ226 acircumflexu0061_0302ãã227 atildeu0061_0303ää228 adieresisu0061_0308åå229 aringu0061_030Aææ230 aeu00E6çç231 ccedillau0063_0327èè232 egrave u0065_0300éé233 eacuteu0065_0301êê234 ecircumflexu0065_0302ëë235 edieresisu0065_0308ìì236 igrave u0069_0300íí237 iacuteu0069_0301îî238 icircumflexu0069_0302ïï239 idieresisu0069_0308ðð240 ethu00F0ññ241 ntildeu006E_0303òò242 ograve u006F_0300óó243 oacuteu006F_0301ôô244 ocircumflexu006F_0302õõ245 otildeu006F_0303öö246 odieresisu006F_0308÷÷247 divide u00F7øø248 oslashu00F8ùù249 ugrave u0075_0300úú250 uacuteu0075_0301ûû251 ucircumflexu0075_0302üü252 udieresisu0075_0308ýý253 yacuteu0079_0301þþ254 thornu00FEÿÿ255 ydieresisu0079_0308

Named Glyphs

Glyph names can be embedded into the document text by using escape sequences. groff(7) describes how these escape sequences look. Glyph names can consist of quite arbitrary characters from the ASCII or latin1 code set, not only alphanumeric characters. Here some examples:

\(ch

A glyph having the 2-character name ch.

\[char_name]

A glyph having the name char_name (having length 1, 2, 3, ...). Note that ‘c’ is not the same as ‘\[c]’ (c a single character): The latter is internally mapped to glyph name ‘\c’. By default, groff defines a single glyph name starting with a backslash, namely ‘\-’, which can be either accessed as ‘\-’ or ‘\[-]’.

\[base_glyph composite_1 composite_2 ...]

A composite glyph; see below for a more detailed description.

In groff, each 8-bit input character can also referred to by the construct ‘\[charn]’ where n is the decimal code of the character, a number between 0 and 255 without leading zeros (those entities are not glyph names). They are normally mapped onto glyphs using the .trin request. Another special convention is the handling of glyphs with names directly derived from a Unicode code point; this is discussed below. Moreover, new glyph names can be created by the .char request; see groff(7).

In the following, a plus sign in the ‘Notes’ column indicates that this particular glyph name appears in the PS version of the original troff documentation, CSTR 54.

Entries marked with ‘***’ denote glyphs for mathematical purposes (mainly used for DVI output). Normally, such glyphs have metrics which make them unusable in normal text.

Output Input PostScriptUnicode Notes Ð\[-D] Ethu00D0 uppercase ethð\[Sd] ethu00F0 lowercase ethÞ\[TP] Thornu00DE uppercase thornþ\[Tp] thornu00FE lowercase thornß\[ss] germandblsu00DF German sharp s

Ligatures and Other Latin Glyphs

Output InputPostScript UnicodeNotes ff \[ff] ffu0066_0066 ff ligature +fi \[fi] fiu0066_0069 fi ligature +fl \[fl]fl u0066_006Cfl ligature +ffi \[Fi]ff iu0066_0066_0069 ffi ligature +ffl \[Fl]fflu0066_0066_006C ffl ligature +Ł\[/L] Lslashu0141 (Polish)ł\[/l] lslashu0142 (Polish)Ø\[/O] Oslashu00D8 (Scandinavian)ø\[/o] oslashu00F8 (Scandinavian)Æ\[AE] AEu00C6æ\[ae] aeu00E6Œ\[OE] OEu0152œ\[oe] oeu0153IJ \[IJ]IJ u0132(Dutch)ij \[ij]ij u0133(Dutch)ı\[.i] dotlessiu0131 (Turkish)\[.j] dotlessju0237 j without a dot

Accented Characters

Output InputPostScript UnicodeNotes Á\[’A] Aacuteu0041_0301C´\[’C] Cacuteu0043_0301É\[’E] Eacuteu0045_0301Í\[’I] Iacuteu0049_0301Ó\[’O] Oacuteu004F_0301Ú\[’U] Uacuteu0055_0301Ý\[’Y] Yacute u0059_0301á\[’a] aacuteu0061_0301c´\[’c] cacuteu0063_0301é\[’e] eacuteu0065_0301í\[’i] iacuteu0069_0301ó\[’o] oacuteu006F_0301ú\[’u] uacuteu0075_0301ý\[’y] yacuteu0079_0301Ä\[:A] Adieresisu0041_0308 A with umlautË\[:E] Edieresisu0045_0308Ï\[:I] Idieresisu0049_0308Ö\[:O] Odieresisu004F_0308Ü\[:U] Udieresisu0055_0308Ÿ\[:Y] Ydieresisu0059_0308ä\[:a] adieresisu0061_0308ë\[:e] edieresisu0065_0308ï\[:i] idieresisu0069_0308ö\[:o] odieresisu006F_0308ü\[:u] udieresisu0075_0308ÿ\[:y] ydieresisu0079_0308Â\[ˆA] Acircumflexu0041_0302Ê\[ˆE] Ecircumflexu0045_0302Î\[ˆI] Icircumflexu0049_0302Ô\[ˆO] Ocircumflexu004F_0302Û\[ˆU] Ucircumflexu0055_0302â\[ˆa] acircumflexu0061_0302ê\[ˆe] ecircumflexu0065_0302î\[ˆi] icircumflexu0069_0302ô\[ˆo] ocircumflexu006F_0302û\[ˆu] ucircumflexu0075_0302À\[‘A] Agrave u0041_0300È\[‘E] Egrave u0045_0300Ì\[‘I] Igrave u0049_0300Ò\[‘O] Ograve u004F_0300Ù\[‘U] Ugrave u0055_0300à\[‘a] agrave u0061_0300è\[‘e] egrave u0065_0300ì\[‘i] igrave u0069_0300ò\[‘o] ograve u006F_0300ù\[‘u] ugrave u0075_0300Ã\[˜A] Atildeu0041_0303Ñ\[˜N] Ntildeu004E_0303Õ\[˜O] Otildeu004F_0303ã\[˜a] atildeu0061_0303ñ\[˜n] ntildeu006E_0303õ\[˜o] otildeu006F_0303Š\[vS] Scaronu0053_030Cš\[vs] scaronu0073_030CŽ\[vZ] Zcaronu005A_030Cž\[vz] zcaronu007A_030CÇ\[,C] Ccedillau0043_0327ç\[,c] ccedillau0063_0327Å\[oA] Aringu0041_030Aå\[oa] aringu0061_030A

Accents

The composite request is used to map most of the accents to non-spacing glyph names; the values given in parentheses are the original (spacing) ones.

Output Input PostScriptUnicode Notes ˝\[a"] hungarumlaut u030B (u02DD) (Hungarian)¯\[a-] macronu0304 (u00AF)˙\[a.] dotaccentu0307 (u02D9)ˆ\[aˆ] circumfleu0302 (u005E)´\[aa] acuteu0301 (u00B4)+`\[ga] grave u0300 (u0060)+˘\[ab] breve u0306 (u02D8)¸\[ac] cedillau0327 (u00B8)¨\[ad] dieresisu0308 (u00A8)umlautˇ\[ah] caronu030C (u02C7)˚\[ao] ringu030A (u02DA) circle˜\[a˜] tildeu0303 (u007E)˛\[ho] ogoneku0328 (u02DB)hook^\[ha] asciicircumu005E (spacing)~\[ti] asciitildeu007E (spacing)

Quotes

Output Input PostScriptUnicode Notes „\[Bq] quotedblbaseu201E low double comma quote‚\[bq] quotesinglbaseu201A low single comma quote“\[lq] quotedblleftu201C”\[rq] quotedblrightu201D‘\[oq] quoteleftu2018 single open quote’\[cq] quoterightu2019 single closing quote'\[aq] quotesingleu0027 apostrophe quote (ASCII 39)"\[dq] quotedblu0022 double quote (ASCII 34)«\[Fo] guillemotleftu00AB»\[Fc] guillemotrightu00BB‹\[fo] guilsinglleftu2039›\[fc] guilsinglrightu203A

Punctuation

Output InputPostScript Unicode Notes ¡\[r!] exclamdown u00A1¿\[r?] questiondown u00BF—\[em] emdashu2014 +–\[en] endashu2013-\[hy] hyphen u2010+

Brackets

The extensible bracket pieces are font-invariant glyphs. In classical troff only one glyph was available to vertically extend brackets, braces, and parentheses: ‘bv’. We map it rather arbitrarily to u23AA.

Note that not all devices contain extensible bracket pieces which can be piled up with ‘\b’ due to the restrictions of the escape’s piling algorithm. A general solution to build brackets out of pieces is the following macro:

.\" Make a pile centered vertically 0.5em
.\" above the baseline.
.\" The first argument is placed at the top.
.\" The pile is returned in string ‘pile’
.eo
.de pile-make
. nr pile-wd 0
. nr pile-ht 0
. ds pile-args
.
. nr pile-# \n[.$]
. while \n[pile-#] \{\
. nr pile-wd (\n[pile-wd] >? \w’\$[\n[pile-#]]’)
. nr pile-ht +(\n[rst] - \n[rsb])
. as pile-args \v’\n[rsb]u’\"
. as pile-args \Z’\$[\n[pile-#]]’\"
. as pile-args \v’-\n[rst]u’\"
. nr pile-# -1
. \}
.
. ds pile \v’(-0.5m + (\n[pile-ht]u / 2u))’\"
. as pile \*[pile-args]\"
. as pile \v’((\n[pile-ht]u / 2u) + 0.5m)’\"
. as pile \h’\n[pile-wd]u’\"
..
.ec

Another complication is the fact that some glyphs which represent bracket pieces in original troff can be used for other mathematical symbols also, for example ‘lf’ and ‘rf’ which provide the ‘floor’ operator. Other devices (most notably for DVI output) don’t unify such glyphs. For this reason, the four glyphs ‘lf’, ‘rf’, ‘lc’, and ‘rc’ are not unified with similarly looking bracket pieces. In groff, only glyphs with long names are guaranteed to pile up correctly for all devices (provided those glyphs exist).

Output InputPostScript UnicodeNotes [\[lB] bracketleft u005B]\[rB] bracketright u005D{\[lC] braceleftu007B}\[rC] bracerightu007D〈\[la] angleleftu27E8 left angle bracket〉\[ra] anglerightu27E9 right angle bracket\[bv] braceexu23AA vertical extension *** +\[braceex] braceexu23AA\[bracketlefttp] bracketlefttp u23A1\[bracketleftbt] bracketleftbt u23A3\[bracketleftex] bracketleftexu23A2\[bracketrighttp] bracketrighttp u23A4\[bracketrightbt] bracketrightbt u23A6\[bracketrightex] bracketrightexu23A5\[lt] bracelefttpu23A7 +\[bracelefttp] bracelefttp u23A7\[lk] braceleftmidu23A8 +\[braceleftmid] braceleftmid u23A8\[lb] braceleftbtu23A9 +\[braceleftbt] braceleftbt u23A9\[braceleftex] braceleftexu23AA\[rt] bracerighttpu23AB +\[bracerighttp] bracerighttp u23AB\[rk] bracerightmidu23AC+\[bracerightmid] bracerightmid u23AC\[rb] bracerightbtu23AD +\[bracerightbt] bracerightbt u23AD\[bracerightex] bracerightexu23AA\[parenlefttp] parenlefttp u239B\[parenleftbt] parenleftbt u239D\[parenleftex] parenleftexu239C\[parenrighttp] parenrighttp u239E\[parenrightbt] parenrightbt u23A0\[parenrightex] parenrightexu239F

Arrows

Output InputPostScript UnicodeNotes ←\[<-] arrowleft u2190+→\[->] arrowright u2192+↔\[<>] arrowboth u2194(horizontal)↓\[da] arrowdown u2193+↑\[ua] arrowup u2191+↑↓\[va] arrowupdn u2195⇐\[lA] arrowdblleft u21D0⇒\[rA] arrowdblright u21D2⇔\[hA] arrowdblboth u21D4(horizontal)⇓\[dA] arrowdbldown u21D3⇑\[uA] arrowdblup u21D1\[vA] uni21D5u21D5 vertical double-headed double arrow\[an] arrowhorizexu23AF horizontal arrow extension

Lines

The font-invariant glyphs ‘br’, ‘ul’, and ‘rn’ form corners; they can be used to build boxes. Note that both the PostScript and the Unicode-derived names of these three glyphs are just rough approximations.

‘rn’ also serves in classical troff as the horizontal extension of the square root sign.

‘ru’ is a font-invariant glyph, namely a rule of length 0.5m.

Output Input PostScriptUnicode Notes |\[ba] baru007C \[br] SF110000u2502 box rule + \[ul] underscoreu005F + \[rn] overline u203E+ \[ru] ------ baseline rule +¦\[bb] brokenbar u00A6/\[sl] slashu002F +\\[rs] backslashu005C reverse solidus

Use ‘\[radicalex]’, not ‘\[overline]’, for continuation of square root.

Text markers

Output InputPostScript UnicodeNotes \[ci] circleu25CB +•\[bu] bullet u2022+‡\[dd] daggerdblu2021 double dagger sign +†\[dg] daggeru2020 +◊\[lz] lozengeu25CA \[sq] uni25A1u25A1 white square +\[ps] paragraphu00B6§\[sc] sectionu00A7 +☞\[lh] uni261Cu261C hand pointing left +☞\[rh] a14u261E hand pointing right +@\[at] atu0040#\[sh] numbersignu0023↵\[CR] carriagereturnu21B5✓\[OK] a19u2713 check mark, tick

Legal Symbols

Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes ©\[co] copyright u00A9+®\[rg] registered u00AE+™\[tm] trademarku2122\[bs] ------ AT&T Bell Labs logo +

The Bell Labs logo is not supported in groff.

Currency symbols

Output InputPostScript Unicode Notes $\[Do] dollaru0024¢\[ct] centu00A2 +€\[eu] ---u20ACoff icial Euro symbol€\[Eu] Eurou20ACfont-specific Euro glyph variant¥\[Ye] yenu00A5£\[Po] sterlingu00A3 British currency sign¤\[Cs] currencyu00A4 Scandinavian currency signƒ\[Fn] florinu0192 Dutch currency sign

Units

Output InputPostScript UnicodeNotes °\[de] degree u00B0+‰\[%0] perthousandu2030 per thousand, per mille sign′\[fm] minuteu2032 footmark, prime +″\[sd] secondu2033µ\[mc] muu00B5 micro signª\[Of] ordfeminineu00AAº\[Om] ordmasculine u00BA

Logical Symbols

Output InputPostScript UnicodeNotes ∧\[AN] logicaland u2227∨\[OR] logicaloru2228¬\[no] logicalnotu00AC+¬\[tno] logicalnot u00ACtext variant of ‘no’∃\[te] existential u2203there exists∀\[fa] universal u2200for all∋\[st] suchthatu220B∴\[3d] thereforeu2234∴\[tf] thereforeu2234 \[or] baru007C bitwise OR operator (as used in C) +

Mathematical Symbols

   

Output InputPostScript UnicodeNotes ½\[12] onehalfu00BD +¼\[14] onequarteru00BC +¾\[34] threequartersu00BE +1⁄8\[18] oneeighthu215B3⁄8\[38] threeeighthsu215C5⁄8\[58] fiv eeighths u215D7⁄8\[78] seveneighths u215E¹\[S1] onesuperioru00B9²\[S2] twosuperior u00B2³\[S3] threesuperioru00B3+\[pl] plusu002B plus in special font +−\[mi] minusu2212 minus in special font +\[-+] uni2213u2213±\[+-] plusminusu00B1 +±\[t+-] plusminusu00B1 text variant of ‘+−’·\[pc] periodcenteredu00B7⋅\[md] dotmathu22C5 multiplication dot×\[mu] multiplyu00D7 +×\[tmu] multiplyu00D7 text variant of ‘mu’⊗\[c*] circlemultiplyu2297 multiply sign in a circle⊕\[c+] circleplusu2295 plus in a circle÷\[di] divide u00F7division +÷\[tdi] divide u00F7text variant of ‘di’⁄\[f/] fractionu2044 bar for fractions∗\[**] asteriskmathu2217 +≤\[<=] lessequalu2264 +≥\[>=] greaterequalu2265 +<< \[<<] uni226Au226A much less>> \[>>] uni226Bu226B much greater=\[eq] equalu003D equals in special font +≠\[!=] notequalu003D_0338 +≡\[==] equivalence u2261+/≡\[ne] uni2262u2261_0338≅\[=˜] congruentu2245 approx. equal−∼\[|=] uni2243u2243 asymptot. equal to +∼\[ap] similaru223C +≈\[˜˜] approxequal u2248almost equal to≈\[˜=] approxequal u2248∝\[pt] proportionalu221D +∅\[es] emptysetu2205 +∈\[mo] elementu2208 +∉\[nm] notelementu2208_0338⊂\[sb] propersubsetu2282 +⊄\[nb] notsubsetu2282_0338⊃\[sp] propersupersetu2283 +/⊃\[nc] uni2285u2283_0338 not superset⊆\[ib] reflexsubset u2286+⊇\[ip] reflexsuperset u2287+∩\[ca] intersectionu2229 intersection, cap +∪\[cu] unionu222A union, cup +∠\[/_] angleu2220⊥\[pp] perpendicularu22A5∫\[is] integral u222B+∫\[integral] integral u222B***∑\[sum] summationu2211 ***∏\[product] productu220F ***\[coproduct] uni2210u2210 ***∇\[gr] gradientu2207 +√\[sr] radicalu221A square root +√\[sqrt] radicalu221A ***\[radicalex] radicalex--- square root continuation\[sqrtex] radicalex--- ***\[lc] uni2308u2308 left ceiling +\[rc] uni2309u2309 right ceiling +\[lf] uni230Au230A left floor +\[rf] uni230Bu230B right floor +∞\[if] infinity u221E+ℵ\[Ah] alephu2135ℑ\[Im] Ifraktur u2111Gothic I, imaginaryℜ\[Re] Rfrakturu211C Gothic R, real℘\[wp] weierstrassu2118 Weierstrass p∂\[pd] partialdiffu2202 partial differentiation + h\[-h] uni210Fu210F Planck constant / 2pi h\[hbar] uni210Fu210F

Greek glyphs

These glyphs are intended for technical use, not for real Greek; normally, the uppercase letters have upright shape, and the lowercase ones are slanted. There is a problem with the mapping of letter phi to Unicode. Prior to Unicode version 3.0, the difference between U+03C6, GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI, and U+03D5, GREEK PHI SYMBOL, was not clearly described; only the glyph shapes in the Unicode book could be used as a reference. Starting with Unicode 3.0, the reference glyphs have been exchanged and described verbally also: In mathematical context, U+03D5 is the stroked variant and U+03C6 the curly glyph. Unfortunately, most font vendors didn’t update their fonts to this (incompatible) change in Unicode. At the time of this writing (January 2006), it is not clear yet whether the Adobe Glyph Names ‘phi’ and ‘phi1’ also change its meaning if used for mathematics, thus compatibility problems are likely to happen – being conservative, groff currently assumes that ‘phi’ in a PostScript symbol font is the stroked version.

In groff, symbol ‘\[*f]’ always denotes the stroked version of phi, and ‘\[+f]’ the curly variant.

Output InputPostScript Unicode Notes Α\[*A] Alphau0391 +Β\[*B] Betau0392 +Γ\[*G] Gammau0393 +∆\[*D] Deltau0394 +Ε\[*E] Epsilonu0395 +Ζ\[*Z] Zetau0396 +Η\[*Y] Etau0397 +Θ\[*H] Thetau0398 +Ι\[*I] Iotau0399 +Κ\[*K] Kappau039A +Λ\[*L] Lambdau039B +Μ\[*M] Muu039C +Ν\[*N] Nuu039D +Ξ\[*C] Xiu039E +Ο\[*O] Omicronu039F +Π\[*P] Piu03A0 +Ρ\[*R] Rhou03A1 +Σ\[*S] Sigmau03A3 +Τ\[*T] Tau u03A4+ϒ\[*U] Upsilonu03A5 +Φ\[*F] Phiu03A6 +Χ\[*X] Chiu03A7 +Ψ\[*Q] Psiu03A8 +Ω\[*W] Omega u03A9 +α\[*a] alphau03B1 +β\[*b] betau03B2 +γ\[*g] gamma u03B3+δ\[*d] deltau03B4 +ε\[*e] epsilonu03B5 +ζ\[*z] zetau03B6 +η\[*y] etau03B7 +θ\[*h] thetau03B8 +ι\[*i] iotau03B9 +κ\[*k] kappau03BA+λ\[*l] lambdau03BB +µ\[*m] muu03BC +ν\[*n] nuu03BD +ξ\[*c] xiu03BE +ο\[*o] omicronu03BF +π\[*p] piu03C0 +ρ\[*r] rhou03C1 +ς\[ts] sigma1u03C2 terminal sigma +σ\[*s] sigmau03C3 +τ\[*t] tauu03C4 +υ\[*u] upsilonu03C5 +φ\[*f] phiu03D5 (stroked glyph) +χ\[*x] chiu03C7 +ψ\[*q] psiu03C8 +ω\[*w] omega u03C9 +ϑ\[+h] theta1u03D1 variant thetaϕ\[+f] phi1u03C6 variant phi (curly shape)ϖ\[+p] omega1u03D6 variant pi, looking like omega\[+e] uni03F5u03F5 variant epsilon

Card symbols

Output InputPostScript Unicode Notes ♣\[CL] clubu2663 black club suit♠\[SP] spadeu2660 black spade suit♥\[HE] heartu2665 black heart suit\[u2661] uni2661u2661 white heart suit♦\[DI] diamondu2666 black diamond suit\[u2662] uni2662u2662 white diamond suit

AUTHOR

Copyright © 1989-2004, 2006-2009, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Documentation License) version 1.3 or later. You should have received a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also available on-line at the GNU copyleft site.

This document is part of groff, the GNU roff distribution. It was written by James Clark with additions by Werner Lemberg and Bernd Warken.

SEE ALSO

groff(1)

the GNU roff formatter

groff(7)

a short reference of the groff formatting language

An extension to the troff character set for Europe, E.G. Keizer, K.J. Simonsen, J. Akkerhuis; EUUG Newsletter, Volume 9, No. 2, Summer 1989
The Unicode Standard